INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES,
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

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INSIGHT
Orbiting Combatants: “Commercial” Satellite Constellations and the Law of Armed Conflict
The growing reliance on Commercial Satellite Constellations (CSCs) in armed conflicts has blurred the traditional distinction between civilian and military space infrastructure. This insight examines when dual-use CSCs may lose civilian protection under International Humanitarian Law, particularly under Article 52(2) of Additional Protocol I. It highlights the legal and practical challenges of targeting such constellations, including distinction, proportionality, and the creation of persistent space debris. The absence of clear space-specific rules further complicates accountability and military decision-making. Ultimately, the insight argues for clearer international legal guardrails governing the use and targeting of commercial satellite infrastructure during armed conflict.

September 04, 2026

Author(s): Asfand Yar Asad Katchela

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Call for Papers
NDU Journal - 2027
August 31, 2026
Call for Papers
Margalla Papers - 2026 (Issue-II)
August 31, 2026
Call for Papers
ISSRA Papers - 2027
September 30, 2026

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INSIGHT
Urban Air Pollution: Structural Drivers and Systemic Remedies
September 02, 2026
Author(s): Umair Ahmed
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INSIGHT
Platform Sovereignty: The Hidden Dimension of South Asia’s Gen Z Uprisings
August 31, 2026
Author(s): Dr. M. A. Gul
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INSIGHT
Europe-China Relations: Beyond the Russia-Ukraine War
August 27, 2026
Author(s): Fatima Zafar
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INSIGHT
Hostage to Geopolitics: Future of Pakistan - Afghanistan Relations
August 24, 2026
Author(s): Dr. M. A. Gul
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INSIGHT
Inland Waterways of Pakistan - The Untapped Potential
August 21, 2026
Author(s): Adrak Hussain
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INSIGHT
Why West Asia Needs its Own Regional Forum?
August 19, 2026
Author(s): Dr. M. A. Gul
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INSIGHT
Europe’s Strategic Autonomy and the Transatlantic Imperative
August 17, 2026
Author(s): Ahsan Khan Niazi
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INSIGHT
Pakistan as a Potential BRICS Member in a Multipolar World Order
August 06, 2026
Author(s): Maria Mansab

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Amidst the picturesque Margallah Hills; lSSRA offers an intellectual forum for candid and informed discussions


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Magical Pakistan: Beyond the Music with Xulfi
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Navigating the AI Revolution: Society, Policy and National Development
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⁠Legendary Anwar Masood: Reflections on Life and Poetry

Global & Regional

Margalla Papers

Margalla Papers is a biannual publication of National Defence University, the premier institution for security and strategic studies. The journal is a unique publication of the country, which primarily deals with the issues related to Contemporary World Politics, Globalization, Foreign Policy, Strategic and Economic Relationships, Regional Organizations, UN Peacekeeping Operations, International Law and Global Commons. The journal has its standing among the students, researchers, experts, policymakers and intelligentsia.


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E9 Quarterly

E9 Quarterly is a periodical publication of INSIGHTS written by our research community. These briefs discover new dimensions of subjects related to National Security while focusing on practical and objective solutions to the issues for the consumption of respective stakeholders and academia.

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e9title

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INSIGHT

Pakistan-Bangladesh Relations: A Strategic Reset

July 24, 2026


Author(s): Javeria Noor Sawal

Defence, Security & Technology

Strategic Thought

In an environment of rapidly transforming geopolitical realities, a more comprehensive all-encompassing deeper understanding of the issues is necessary. Pakistan’s existence and success in achieving its critical objectives is dependent on our comprehensive understanding of the environment around us, as well as our ability to convince others about our positions. Given the complex global political and geo-strategic environment, Pakistan needs a delicate strategic balancing and intricate policy maneuvers.

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NDU Journal

NDU Journal is an annual publication of National Defence University, the premier institution for security and strategic studies. The journal is a unique publication of the country, which primarily deals with the national security issues of Pakistan. The journal has its own standing among the students, researchers, experts, policy makers and intelligentsia. Keeping the flag high, the articles appearing in the journal are selected after a rigorous scrutiny and blind peer reviews at home and abroad.

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INSIGHT

The Invisible Architect: Algorithms in the Social Media


June 24, 2026

Author(s): Rafia Ashar

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INSIGHT

Adopting Cryptocurrency in Pakistan: Prospects and Concerns


January 5, 2026

Author(s): Adrak Hussain

Domestic & Legal

ISSRA Papers

ISSRA Papers is an annual publication of Institute for Strategic Studies, Research and Analysis (ISSRA), National Defence University. The Journal is a unique publication of the country which promotes awareness and understanding of the issues related to governance and public policy. ISSRA Papers welcomes contributions from all around the world and has a wide range of readers that include students, researchers, experts and policy makers. Articles appearing in the journal are selected after a rigorous scrutiny and blind peer reviews at home and abroad.

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Journal of International Law

The NDU JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW is an annual publication of the Centre of Excellence for International Law (CEIL), at the Institute for Strategic Studies. Research and Analysis (ISSRA), National Defence University. CEIL is Pakistan’s first public sector think tank on international law, conducting cutting edge research on the international law aspects of defense and strategic matters, under the auspices of ISSRA. The NDU Journal of International Law aims to promote the dissemination of ideas and findings for the multifaceted challenges facing Pakistan from a law and policy perspective.

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Date of Publication: September 02, 2026
Author(s): Fatima Mazhar
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